Hoʻolauna
I ke aupuni koi o ka ʻenehana mana wai, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻāpana i kahi hui hoʻomāinoino o nā mana o loko a me waho. ʻOiai ʻo ka poʻe ʻenekinia e hoʻolilo i ka manawa nui i ka helu ʻana i nā kaomi hana kiʻekiʻe, ka wikiwiki o ka wai, a me nā kahe kahe, aia kekahi hoʻoweliweli like ʻole a ʻike ʻole ʻia e hana ana ma ke ʻano microscopic: corrosion. Ke waiho ʻole ʻia, hiki i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa kemika o nā ʻāpana metala ke hoʻohuli i kahi ʻōnaehana hydraulic i hana ʻia i loko o kahi ʻae ʻana, pōʻino, a kūpono ʻole.
ʻO nā ʻāpana kila kalapona maʻamau e hilinaʻi ʻia ma luna o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e like me ka zinc plating e pale aku i ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni. Eia nō naʻe, ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi mau o ka haʻalulu mechanical, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wela, a me ke kahe ʻana o nā ʻāpana abrasive, ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o kēia mau uhi, ʻāhaʻi, a ʻili paha. Ke ʻike ʻia ka hao o lalo i ka makū a me ka oxygen, paʻa ka ʻōpala me ka wikiwiki weliweli, e laha ana ma nā ʻaoʻao e hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me ka nau ʻana i nā ʻaoʻao pili.
No ka hoʻopau ʻana i kēia nāwaliwali ma kona kumu, huli ka ʻoihana hou i ka metallurgy. ʻO ke koho ʻana i ka huahana hydraulic kila kuhiliʻole -e like me ke kiʻekiʻe-pili puʻupuʻu, mea hoʻopāpā, mea hoʻopili, a i ʻole ka hale cylinder-e hāʻawi i ka pale kūlohelohe kūlohelohe i ka pōʻino. Akā, pehea ke ʻano o kēia metala kupaianaha e pale aku ai i nā ikaika hui o ka oxidation, ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka waikawa, a me ka ʻike ʻana i ka wai paʻakai? Aia ka pane i loko o kahi pānaʻi hoihoi o ka ʻepekema waiwai, ʻenekinia kemika, a me ka paʻa o ke kūkulu ʻana. Hāʻawi kēia ʻatikala i ka nānā piha ʻana i nā mīkini ʻepekema kikoʻī e hiki ai i nā ʻāpana hydraulic kila kila ke hoʻomau i ka ʻōpala -ʻole a kani maikaʻi i nā kaiapuni kala ʻole loa o ka honua.
ʻO ka ʻepekema o ka Layer Passive: ʻO nā mea kaua huna a ke kila kila
No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pale ʻana o ke kila kila iā ia iho mai ka ʻōpala, pono e wehe mua i ka manaʻo kuhi hewa: ʻaʻole ʻo ke kila kila he metala hoʻokahi, unreactive like me ke gula a me ka platinum. He mea hoʻoheheʻe ikaika loa ia i haku ʻia me ka hao, carbon, a me kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi o nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia. ʻO kona hiki ke pale aku i ka corrosion, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka hopena kemika hoʻomau i kaohi ʻia ma luna o kona ʻili i waho.
ʻO ke kumu kumu o kēia kemika pale ʻo chromium. No ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻana o ke kila kila maoli, pono e loaʻa i ka alloy ka liʻiliʻi o 10.5 pakeneka chromium ma ke kaupaona. Ke ʻike ʻia ka hao maka i ka makū a me ka ea, hana ia i ka hao oxide, i ʻike mau ʻia ʻo ka ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka ʻeleʻele ʻulaʻula he ʻano ʻano crystalline porous e hoʻonui mau ana a lele i waho o ka metala. Hōʻike kēia flaking i kahi papa hou o ka hao maka ma lalo, e hana ana i kahi puʻupuʻu hoʻohaʻahaʻa i lalo e hoʻopau loa i ka mea.
Ua kākau hou ʻo Chromium i kēia ʻatikala kemika. Ke hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻātoma chromium i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi huahana hydraulic kila kila me ka oxygen ambient, e hana lākou i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni ʻike ʻole ʻia i ʻike ʻia he chromium oxide. ʻO kēia kiʻiʻoniʻoni he mau ʻātoma kakaikahi wale nō ka mānoanoa -no ka mānoanoa e hele pololei ai ka mālamalama ma loko ona, e ʻae ai i ka ʻōlinolino metala o ke kila e ʻike pono ʻia.
Ua ʻike ʻia kēia kiʻi ʻoniʻoni chromium oxide ʻo ka papa passive. ʻAʻole like me ka ʻōpala ʻulaʻula, ʻoʻoleʻa loa ka papa passive, paʻa paʻa, a ʻaʻole loa-porous. Hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hiki ʻole ke pale aku i nā mea kaua microscopic e pale aku ai i ka oxygen a me nā molekole wai mai ka hiki ʻana i nā ʻātoma hao lalo.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻo kēia ʻāpana passive he mea hoʻoikaika a hoʻōla iā ia iho-. I loko o kahi kaiapuni hydraulic hana koʻikoʻi, ʻānai mau ʻia nā mea pono a me nā ʻūhā e nā ʻōpala hāʻule, ʻohi ʻia e nā wīwī i ka wā o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka mahina ʻai, a i ʻole e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko mai ka -wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe. I loko o kahi ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia maʻamau, ʻo kahi ʻōpala hohonu e hōʻike ana i kahi haki mau i ka pale kaua, e hōʻailona ana i ka hoʻomaka koke ʻana o ka ʻōpala. Me ke kila kila, inā ʻoki ʻia a ʻoki ʻia paha ka papa passive, e hana koke nā ʻātoma chromium hou me ka oxygen a puni e kūkulu hou i ka pale chromium oxide i loko o nā milliseconds. ʻO kēia hoʻomau hou ʻana e hōʻoia i ka paʻa ʻana o ke ala wai i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ke kaiapuni no kona ola holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO nā Agena Alloying a me kā lākou mau pale pale
ʻOiai hāʻawi ka chromium i ka hoʻolālā kumu no ka papa passive, ʻike pinepine nā ʻōnaehana hydraulic ʻoihana i nā kaiapuni kemika paʻakikī e koi ana i ka hoʻoikaika hou. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia mau paʻakikī, hoʻokomo ka poʻe metallurgists i nā mea hoʻohui lua i loko o ka matrix crystalline o ke kila, e hana ana i nā māka kūʻokoʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no nā ʻano kūʻē kūʻē.
ʻO ka mea hoʻohui nui mua he nickel. Ma ka 300-series austenitic stainless steels kaulana i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā noi mana wai, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka nickel i nā manaʻo mai ka 8 a hiki i ka 14 pakeneka. Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona mechanical, hoʻololi ka nickel i ke ʻano crystalline o lalo o ka metala, e hoʻololi iā ia mai kahi ʻano ferritic i kahi ʻano austenitic. Hoʻonui nui kēia hoʻololi metallurgical i ka paʻakikī o ka hopena o ka metala, ductility, a me ka elasticity structural. Hāʻawi ia i mea hoʻoikaika nui i ke kūʻē maʻamau o ka mea i ka ʻino ʻaʻahu, ʻoiai ke ʻike ʻia i nā ʻakika māmā a me nā hoʻonā kemika ʻoihana.
Eia naʻe, ʻo ka molybdenum ka mea lanakila maoli o nā kaiapuni hydraulic koʻikoʻi. Hāʻawi ke kila kila kila maʻamau 304 i ka pale maikaʻi loa i ka makū o ka lewa maʻamau, akā hiki iā ia ke hakakā ke hoʻopili ʻia i nā ion chloride koʻikoʻi loa, i loaʻa nui i loko o ka wai kai, ea kahakai, a me nā paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe alanui. ʻO nā ion Chloride he ʻano kū hoʻokahi; hiki iā lākou ke komo a hoʻoheheʻe i ka papa passive chromium oxide maʻamau, e hōʻemi ana i ka wahi.
No ka pale ʻana i kēia nāwaliwali, ʻo ka Grade 316 stainless steel me kahi hoʻohui o 2 a 3 pakeneka molybdenum. Hana ʻo Molybdenum ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa kemika i manaʻo ʻia, e hoʻonui nui ana i ka paʻa kūloko o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive a me ka pale ʻana i ka chloride-induced breakdown. ʻO kēia hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kumu hoʻokahi ke kumu o ka Papa 316 ka mea maʻamau i koi ʻia no nā kahua ʻeli ʻaila o waho, nā moku kai, a me nā mea kanu ʻoihana kai.
ʻO ka mea hope loa, e nānā pono ana ka hana hou i ka ʻike kalapona. Ke hoʻomehana ʻia ke kila kila a hiki i nā mahana wela loa-e like me ka wā o ke kuʻi ʻana o ka ʻauamo hydraulic kiʻekiʻe-hiki ke hana ʻia kahi mea i ʻike ʻia he carbide precipitation. Hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻātoma chromium a me kalapona ma nā palena palaoa o ka metala, e wehe ana i nā wahi a puni o ka chromium e pono ai e mālama i ka papa passive. Haʻalele kēia i ka hui welded me ka pilikia loa i ka ʻino intergranular localized. No ka hoʻopau ʻana i kēia pilikia, hoʻohana nā mea hana i nā hoʻololi kalapona haʻahaʻa, i koho ʻia ʻo Grade 304L a i ʻole 316L. Ma ke kaohi ʻana i ka maʻiʻo kalapona ma lalo o 0.03 pākēneka, ua pale ʻia ka ua carbide, e hōʻoia ana i ka paʻa ʻana o ka ʻāpana welded e like me ka ʻōpala{12}}e like me ke koena o ka mea.
Ka lanakila ʻana i nā ʻano kikoʻī o ka hoʻoheheʻe Hydraulic
Hōʻike ʻia ka corrosion ma nā ʻano like ʻole i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana mana wai. ʻO ka mea kiʻekiʻe -huahana hydraulic kila kila maikaʻi i hana ʻia e pale aku i kēia mau mea hoʻoweliweli ʻokoʻa.
ʻAi ʻaʻahu
Hōʻike ʻia ka corrosion like ʻole i ka laha ʻana, a me ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana ma ka ʻili a pau o kahi mea metala, e alakaʻi ana i ka ʻemi mālie o ka pā mea i ka manawa. I loko o ka laina hydraulic kaomi ki'eki'e, he mea weliweli loa ka ho'emi 'ia o ka paia, no ka mea, e ho'oha'aha'a mau ana ia i ke kaomi hana palekana o ka paipu a hiki i ka poino. ʻO ka papa passive hoʻomau o ke kila kila e pale i ka corrosion like ʻole ma lalo o nā kūlana hana maʻamau, e mālama ana i ka mānoanoa o ka paia kumu a me nā palena kūkulu i loko o ke ola o ka mea.
ʻAi ʻAha a me nā ʻAha
ʻO ka lua a me ka crevice corrosion he wahi nui loa ia, nā ʻano hoʻohaʻahaʻa insidious. Hana ʻia ka lua i ka wā e hiki ʻole ai i kahi puka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i loko o kahi uhi pale e hiki ai i kahi lua microscopic ke awāwa hohonu i loko o ka pā metala, huna ʻia mai ka nānā ʻike maka. Loaʻa ka ʻinoʻino ma nā wahi paʻa paʻa i hiki ai i ka wai ke hoʻopololei, e like me ka micro{2}} āwāwa ma waena o nā ʻaoʻao pili pili a i ʻole ma lalo o kahi sila flange.
Ke hoʻopau ʻia ka wai ʻauʻau ʻana i ka oxygen-, hoʻololi kona kemika kemika, hoʻololi i ka ʻakika nui a nahu koke i nā metala maʻamau. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka molybdenum i loko o ka Grade 316 stainless steel e hoʻopaʻa i ka papa passive i loko o kēia mau ʻāpana oxygen -depleted, e pale ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā lua a me ka hāʻule ʻole.
ʻAiʻino Galvanic
Hana ʻia ka pōʻino Galvanic i ka wā e hoʻopili kino ai nā metala ʻelua electrochemically like ʻole i ke alo o kahi electrolyte, e like me ka makū a i ʻole ka haʻahaʻa ambient. Ma kēia hiʻohiʻona, e kahe ana kahi au uila liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā metala, e hoʻoneʻe ai ka metala liʻiliʻi (ka anode) i ka wikiwiki wikiwiki, ʻoiai ʻo ka metala maikaʻi loa (ka cathode) e pale mau ʻia.
No ka mea, noho kiʻekiʻe ke kila kuhiliʻole ma luna o ka unahi hanohano galvanic, ua kūpaʻa loa ia i ka ʻino ʻia e nā metala kokoke. Eia nō naʻe, pono e hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā ʻenekinia: inā e hoʻopili pololei ʻia kahi mea kila kila i loko o kahi pahu manifold alumini palupalu i loko o kahi ʻūlū, e hana ka alumini ma ke ʻano he anode mōhai a hemo koke. No ka mālama ʻana i kēia, ʻo ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana kūpono e pili ana i nā metala hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻōnaehana a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pale hoʻokaʻawale nonconductive e wāwahi i ke kaapuni uila.
Nā Kuleana Kaiapuni: Kahi mea nui o ka pale ʻana i ke kila kila
ʻO ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka kemika o ke kila kila e lilo ia i koho koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā ʻāpana hana koʻikoʻi.
I loko o ka ʻenekinia moana a me waho, hoʻomau mau ʻia nā ʻōnaehana hydraulic e ka nalu, ka paʻakai paʻakai, a me ka noe ʻeleʻele a me ka wai. ʻO nā ion chloride i loko o ka wai paʻakai e wehe koke i ka zinc plating mai nā ʻāpana kila kalapona maʻamau, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka lepo luku i loko o kahi mau pule. ʻO nā ʻāpana kila kila e hoʻomanawanui i kēia mau kūlana moana no nā makahiki he mau makahiki me ka ʻole o ka nalowale ʻana o ko lākou ʻano kūpaʻa, pale i nā mea hoʻokele koʻikoʻi, nā ʻūhā deck, a me nā kīwaha i lalo o ka moana mai nā hemahema o ke kahua.
Pēlā nō, hōʻike ʻia nā mea hana kemika a me ka petrochemical i kahi hui ʻona nui o nā pōʻino kaiapuni. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā laina hydraulic e holo kokoke ana i nā pahu hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā ea ʻawaʻawa, nā pūhui sulfur caustic, a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe. Hoʻohaʻahaʻa koke nā metala i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma lalo o kēia hoʻouka kemika. ʻAʻole paʻa ke kila kila i ka nui o nā pūhui ʻoihana, e ʻae iā ia e mālama i kahi ʻili maʻemaʻe ʻole me ka ʻike mau.
ʻO ka mea hope loa, pono mākou e nānā i nā koi koʻikoʻi o ka holoi holoi maʻemaʻe i ka meaʻai, mea inu, a me nā ʻoihana lāʻau. Ma kēia mau ʻāpana, pono e pulu pinepine ʻia nā mīkini me ka mahu -kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻino i loaʻa ka chlorine a i ʻole ka paʻakai paʻakai e hoʻopau i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi bacteria. ʻAʻole hiki i nā ʻāpana kila kalapona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke ola i kēia mau hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe mau me ka ʻole o ka ʻōpala a i ʻole ka ʻōpala, kahi pilikia nui o ke kino a me ke kemika i ka laina hana. ʻO ke kila kila ka ʻili maʻemaʻe loa, ʻaʻole -porous e kūʻē ikaika i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ke kino a kū i ka holoi hoʻomaʻemaʻe ikaika me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻole a hoʻokuʻu paha i nā ʻōpala.
Ka mālama 'ana i ka -Corrosive Integrity: Ho'okomo a mālama 'ana i nā hana maika'i loa.
No ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hāʻawi ʻana o kahi huahana hydraulic kila kila i kona kūpaʻa corrosion kiʻekiʻe loa, pono e hahai pono ʻia nā hana hoʻonohonoho kūikawā a me ka mālama ʻana e nā ʻenehana kahua.
ʻO ka hana koʻikoʻi mua i kapa ʻia ʻo ka passivation. Ke wili ʻia ke kila kila kila, wili ʻia, a i ʻole ke kaha ʻia i ka wā o ka hana ʻana, hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka hao manuahi mai nā mea ʻoki ʻoki i ka ʻili o ka metala. Inā ʻaʻole mālama ʻia, e ʻōpala kēia mau mea hao haole ma ke kula, e hana ana i kahi hiʻohiʻona hoʻopunipuni o ka hemahema o nā mea a hiki ke hoʻololi i ka papa passive lalo.
No ka pale ʻana i kēia, hana ʻia nā mea i hoʻopau ʻia i kahi lapaʻau passivation kemika, maʻamau e pili ana i ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau i loko o kahi solution nitric a citric acid. Hiki i kēia ʻauʻau waika ke hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea hoʻohaumia hao ʻili me ka ʻole o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ke kila kuhili ʻole, e waiho ana i kahi ʻili maikaʻi, chromium -e hoʻopololei koke i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive pale.
Eia kekahi, pono e akahele loa nā ʻenehana kahua e pale aku i ka -contamination i ka wā o ka hui ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana. Inā hoʻohana ka ʻenehana i ka pulupulu uea kalapona maʻamau no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā kaula o ka valve kila kuhiliʻole, a i ʻole e hoʻohana i nā ʻāpana me nā mea hao ʻeleʻele, e hoʻoili ʻia nā ʻāpana kila kalapona ma luna o ka ʻili kuhili, e hoʻomaka ana i nā ʻāpana ʻōpala. ʻO nā mea hana kila kila kila a me nā hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe he mea nui no ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻemaʻe o ka mea.
ʻO ka mea hope loa, pono e hoʻokele nā ʻenehana i ka pilikia o ka ʻāʻī ʻana o ke kaula i ka wā e kau ai. Ma muli o ka palupalu a me ka ductile maikaʻi loa nā austenitic stainless steel, hiki i ka friction i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka wā e hoʻopaʻa ai i nā kaula kāne a me nā wahine ma lalo o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e hiki ke wehe i ka papa oxide passive. Me ka ʻole o kēia papa, hiki i nā kristal metala maka ke ʻoni pololei i kekahi i kekahi, e hoʻoulu ai i ka wela o ka ʻāina a hiki i ke anu o nā kaula -wela pū. I ka wā e ʻaʻa ai, paʻa mau ka ami a hemo loa inā koi ʻia. No ka hoʻopau ʻana i kēia pilikia, pono nā mea ʻenehana e hoʻohana i ka mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa anti-seize lubricant a i ʻole ka -ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka hui milo i haku ʻia no nā hui kila kuhili ʻole, e hōʻoia ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka mīkini paʻa a me ka leʻa loa-sila manuahi.
Ka hopena
ʻO ka hiki ʻana o nā ʻāpana hydraulic kila kila e kūʻē loa i nā mana luku o ka ʻōpala a me ka ʻino ʻaʻole ia he mea laki; he lanakila pololei ia o ka ʻepekema waiwai. Ma ka hana ʻana i ka huila a puni i ke kahua paʻa o ka chromium, nickel, a me ka molybdenum, ua hana ka poʻe metallurgists i mea hiki ke hana i kāna microscopic ponoʻī, -hoʻōla pale pale.
ʻO ke ʻano paʻa, ʻaʻole{0}}porous o ka chromium oxide passive layer, ʻo ka pale i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hāʻawi ʻia e ka molybdenum e kūʻē i ka lua chloride aggressive, a i ʻole nā hana kalapona haʻahaʻa e pale ai i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka weld, ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻano o ka huahana hydraulic kila kila no ke ola lōʻihi.
ʻOiai ke hāʻawi aku nei nā mea ʻē aʻe i nā kumukūʻai kūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ko lākou nāwaliwali hiki ʻole ke hōʻemi i ka pōʻaiapuni e hopena mau i ka manawa hana hiki ʻole ke ʻike ʻole ʻia, nā kahe wai pipiʻi, a me nā pōʻino palekana kiʻekiʻe no nā limahana mālama. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā loina ʻepekema hohonu ma hope o ka hoʻolālā pale ʻana o ke kila kila a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka mālama pono ʻana a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā protocols, hiki i nā ʻoihana hou ke hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻōnaehana mana wai e hoʻomau maikaʻi loa, maʻemaʻe loa, a me ka hana palekana no nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.
